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[Dioctophyme renale]

Dioctophyme renale requires an invertebrate intermediate host (usually an earthworm or other annelid) to complete its development.  The definitive host (usually carnivores, including canids and mustelids) becomes infected after eating a paratenic vertebrate host (e.g., fish and amphibians) that have consumed an infected annelid, or by direct ingestion of the infected invertebrate host.

A

A: Earthworm (Lumbricus sp.), a common intermediate host of D. renale.